Hypotension describes a condition in which the blood pressure is significantly below normal. It has many causes, some of which are life threatening. Loss of blood, either externally or internally is the most common cause. Systemic infections which can decrease the ability of the blood vessels to constrict and decrease the ability of the heart muscle to contract, can lead to hypotension. Neurological injury to the spinal cord, when severe, results in the loss of nerve supply to the blood vessels. They are no longer able to maintain tone or constrict and the blood pressure is reduced. Any type of damage to the heart can produce hypotension. In addition, irregular or rapid heart beats may not allow adequate pumping by the heart with the production of hypotension. Lastly, severe allergic reactions cause dilation of the blood vessels. The allergic response causes the blood vessels to become permeable and fluid leaks out of them. Both of these mechanisms may severely decrease the blood pressure.
Causes of Hypotension
The conditions leading to hypotension are related either to the amount of blood within the vascular system, the ability of the heart to pump the blood, the ability of the small arteries to constrict and the integrity of the nervous system. Dysfunction of any of these areas can lead to hypotension.
Signs and Symptoms of Hypotension
Depending on the severity of hypotension, the symptoms range from light-headedness to coma. Commonly, changes of position, particularly when standing up, will increase symptoms. The heart rate will increase and the person may faint. As hypotension becomes severe, the heart races to try and pump additional blood. The vessels of the skin are contracted to try and force blood to more vital organs. The skin usually feels cold and moist.
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Medical Content Last Updated on 07/12/2008
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