A hernia occurs because of a weakened area of muscle. This weakened area cannot restrain some other organ, and it protrudes, or herniates, through the defect. The most common type of hernia occurs in the groin. These include Inguinal hernias and femoral hernias. Incisional hernias develop at surgical sites, where the muscles or their nerve supply have been damaged. Epigstric hernias form in the upper abdomen, between breastbone and navel. Periumbilical hernia occurs around the navel, more common in women. Hiatal hernias develop when there is a weakened are or enlarged opening in the diaphragm. This muscles normally separates the abdominal cavity from the chest. Some of the organs of the abdomen can be displaced into the chest cavity. Most hiatal hernias do not produce any symptoms.
Causes of Hernia
Hernias are usually due to weakness in connective tissue or a muscle wall. They may be present at birth or acquired later in life, such as is seen with incisional hernias result from previous surgery. Hiatal hernias may develop from increased abdominal pressure, such as might occur with obesity or trauma.
Signs and Symptoms of Hernia
Hernias often produce a lump, or bulge, in the affected muscle. Hernias of the abdomen and groin are often made worse with straining, bending and lifting. They may increase in size. In men, the hernia may extend into the scrotum, producing a lump in the scrotum. If a portion of the bowel becomes caught, or incarcerated, in can obstruct the gastrointestinal tract. This can lead to nausea, vomiting, constipation and abdominal pain. If the portion of bowel is dead, fever, chills and generalized signs of abdominal infection may develop. Hiatal hernias can produce chest pain and gastrointestinal bleeding. Anemia can develop. If a large part of the bowel or stomach extends into the chest cavity, it can produce shortness or breath and chest pain. There may be difficulty swallowing and painful swallowing.
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Medical Content Last Updated on 07/12/2008
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