Fluids and electrolytes are normally very carefully maintained within narrow parameters to allow the cells of the body to function normally. Fluid and electrolyte disturbances occurs from a multitude of reasons. Any changes can affect some or all of the cells of the body. Severe disturbances can lead to heart irregularities and coma. The fluid of most concern is water, the electrolytes that may be affected are usually sodium, potassium, calcium, bicarbonate and phosphate. Homeostasis is the equilibrium of physical and chemical properties of body fluid.
Causes of Fluid And Electrolyte Disorders
The loss of fluid and salts may be caused by recurrent vomiting and diarrhea. Extremely heavy perspiration can lead to the loss of water and sodium. Certain mediations, such as diuretics, can produce fluid loss, but along with those fluids often goes potassium sodium. Removal of fluids from the gastrointestinal tract, as might occur with nasogastric tubes during hospitalization, can alter the normal levels of many electrolytes. Excessive fluid and retention of salts may be caused by: congestive heart failure and renal failure. Excessive fluids may be administered intravenously or through oral intake. Acute and chronic renal failure affects both the bodies ability to manage fluids as well as its ability to maintain normal electrolyte levels. Diabetes insipidus occurs when the kidneys do not respond to hormones released by the pituitary gland, or the pituitary gland does not function normally. There can be rapid and severe loss of fluids and electrolytes. Adrenal disease, chronic lung disease, use of cortisone drugs, female hormones or sodium bicarbonate all can affect electrolyte and fluid balance.
Signs and Symptoms of Fluid And Electrolyte Disorders
Symptoms depends on whether water or salts are out of proportion, and include: dry mouth, wrinkled skin, increased, decreased or absent urination, fatigue, puffy legs, hands, face or abdomen, lung congestion, weakness, confusion, and heartbeat irregularities. Severe disturbances of sodium can lead to lethargy, coma and death.
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Medical Content Last Updated on 07/12/2008
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