Dysmenorrhea describes the condition in which there are severe, painful cramps during the menstrual period. Primary dysmenorrhea is defined as pain that has recurred regularly and began within a year or two of the first period (menarche). Secondary dysmenorrhea is defined as pain that began years after periods started. Fertility is usually not affected. The severity of symptoms is greatly variable. It varies from woman to woman and from one time to the next in the same woman. After childbirth, dysmenorrhea usually is less severe.
Causes of Dysmenorrhea
Dysmenorrhea is due to the strong or prolonged contractions of the muscular wall of the uterus. This may result from the concentration and excess of prostaglandins (hormones found in the cervix or uterus). Another cause of pain is the dilation (stretching) of the cervix to allow passage of blood clots from the uterus to the vagina. Other causes of dysmenorrhea include pelvic infections, especially in sexually active women with many sexual partners or a history of sexually transmitted disease. Endometriosis, especially if dysmenorrhea begins after the age of 20, may commonly lead to dysmenorrhea. Fibroids or other benign tumors of the uterus and use of intrauterine device (IUD), both may lead to the onset of dysmenorrhea.
Signs and Symptoms of Dysmenorrhea
Dysmenorrhea produces cramping , sharp pains in the lower abdomen and pelvis. There might be associated pain in the lower back and thighs. The pain starts at onset of menses and lasts for hours to days. Occasionally, nausea ,vomiting, diarrhea, and urinary frequency may occur. Sweating, lack of energy, irritability, nervousness, and depression may also develop.
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