Diabetes insipidus is a rare hormonal disorder. It occurs when the pituitary gland or the area of the brain to which it is connected, the hypothalamus, do not function normally. This leads to abnormal regulation in the kidneys. Excessive amounts of water is lost, leading to fluid and electrolyte imbalances in the body. This condition is not related to blood sugar levels.
Causes of Diabetes Insipidus
The hypothalamus has areas within it that are responsible for maintaining normal fluid balances and electrolytes balances in the body. These areas connect to the pituitary gland, where they secrete ADH, or antidiuretic hormone. This hormone interacts with the kidney and allow water to be reabsorbed from the filtering mechanism. Reduced or absent ADH will lead to excessive amounts of urine being produced. Injuries or surgery to this area of the brain can produce this condition. Tumors of the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland or hydrocephalus can produce this condition. Some infections of the brain, such as meningitis or encephalitis, can also produce this disorder. Bleeding in the brain, such as occurs with a ruptured aneurysm, may produce this disorder.
Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes Insipidus
Diabetes insipidus produces excessive thirst that is hard to satisfy. Urine output is increased, sometimes up to as much as 15 quarts a day. The urine amounts clear and colorless. The dehydration of the body leads to dry skin and constipation. If the condition progresses, lethargy, confusion and coma can occur. Generalized weakness and irritability of the muscles may develop.
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