Tardive dyskinesia describes a neurological syndrome caused by the long-term use of neuroleptic drugs. Neuroleptic drugs are generally prescribed for psychiatric disorders, as well as for some gastrointestinal and neurological disorders.
Causes of Tardive Dyskinesia
Prolonged treatment is necessary for people with certain psychiatric disturbances, such as schizophrenia. Unfortunately, these drugs sometimes induce tardive dyskenesia in these individuals. Others may get it as well. The conditions that increase the probability of developing tardive dyskenesia include the duration of exposure to antipsychotic medications. This seems to be more of a problem with the older generation of such medications. It is more likely to occur in older individuals and in post-menopausal women. Alcohol abuse and drug abuse increase the risk of developing this disorder. Mental retardation also increases the risk. Despite extensive research, the mechanism leading to tardive dyskenesia is still unknown. It is generally believed, however, that long-term blocking of dopamine D2 receptors causes an increase in the number of D2 receptors in the striated region of the brain. All the antipsychotic medications on the market currently work this way. Since the striated regions of the brain are involved with motor function or movement, it is thought that the increased numbers of D2 receptors may cause spontaneous and random muscle contractions or movements throughout the body. They are particularly prominent in the muscles around the mouth and the facial muscles.
Signs and Symptoms of Tardive Dyskinesia
Tardive dyskinesia is varcharacterized by repetitive, involuntary, purposeless movements. Since the muscles of the face, eyes and mouth are frequently involved, grimacing, tongue protrusion, lip smacking, puckering and pursing, and rapid eye blinking are common symptoms. Rapid movements of the arms, legs, and trunk may also occur. Impaired movements of the fingers may appear as though the patient is playing an invisible guitar or piano. Unfortunately, symptoms of tardive dyskinesia may remain long after discontinuation of narcoleptic drugs. Fortunately, the majority of symptoms gradually subside or are improved with medications.
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Medical Content Last Updated on 07/12/2008
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