The peripheral nerves are that portion of the nervous system outside of the central nervous system. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. These nerves consist of axons, which are the tubular structures through which information is conveyed to and from the central nervous system. This axons are grouped together and surround by various layer so tough connective tissue. Damage to the nerves can lead to transient dysfunction, where there is complete recovery in a short period of time. The axons can be damaged sufficiently to the point where they need to regenerate. If the axon tubes are intact, regeneration may be very successful. The nerves may be severed partially or completely. Recovery, even if the nerve is sutured back together is unpredictable.
Causes of Peripheral Nerve Injury
Blunt or penetrating trauma as well as fractures are the common causes of peripheral nerve injury. Stretch injuries may also occur. Ischemic injury to the nerves may occur with vascular disease. Compression of the nerves may occur in compartment syndromes, where the pressure within the tissue in a portion of the extremity is elevated so much that blood supply is compromised and the nerves in that area may be permanently damaged.
Signs and Symptoms of Peripheral Nerve Injury
There is loss of motor and sensory function in the areas which are supplied by the nerve. Partial injuries may lead to pain syndromes, such as causalgia. This can produce permanent pain which is often burning and is associated with skin changes and increased sensitivity in that area. If the nerve is intact, recovery may rapidly occur. If there is anatomical disruption of the nerve, repair may need to be done.
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Medical Content Last Updated on 07/12/2008
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